Application Of Nanoformulations Research Articles

Cyanobacteria Based Nanoformulation of Biogenic CuO Nanoparticles for Plant Growth Promotion of Rice Under Hydroponics Conditions.

Synthesizing nanoparticles through a green synthesis approach is common nowadays. Cyanobacteria have attained great importance in the field of biosynthesis of nanoparticles as there is no use of toxic chemicals as reducing or capping agents for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Micronutrient-based nano-formulations have become a topic of great interest in recent times due to their various advantageous properties and applications in agriculture. The current study aims to exploit the potential cyanobacterial strains isolated from different locations such as freshwater and soil ecosystems. The potential cyanobacterial isolates were screened based on their multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes such as Indol acetic acid (IAA) production, siderophores, and phosphate solubilization. After the screening of cyanobacteria based on multiple PGP activities, the cyanobacterial strain was identified at the species level as Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1, based on microscopy and molecular characterization using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extracts are utilized for the synthesis of CuO micronutrient Nanoparticles (NPs). The cyanobacterial strain Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1 possesses plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes that provide reduction and capping for CuO NPs. The synthesized NPs were characterized and subjected to make a nano-formulation, utilizing the cyanobacteria-mediated CuO NPs along with low-cost zeolite as an adsorbent. The application of cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extract provided an excellent comparative aspect in terms of micronutrient NP synthesis. The NPs in the form of formulations were applied to germinated paddy seeds (Pusa Basmati -1509) with varying concentrations (5, 10, 15mg/l). Effects of cyanobacteria based CuO NPs on hydroponically grown paddy crops were analyzed. The application of nano-formulations has shown a significant increase in plant growth promotion in rice plants under hydroponics conditions. There is no such type of comparative investigation reported earlier, and NPs of micronutrients can be utilized as a new economic nanofertilizer and can be applied to plants for their growth promotion.

Role of Phytoactive-based Nanoformulation for the Treatment of Arthritis.

Joints and arthritic conditions are among the most dangerous illnesses that humans have ever encountered and it is even more worrying that there is no recognized treatment for arthritis. The researchers looked for safer alternatives, such as herbal medicines, because the traditional treatments used to treat severe joint inflammatory issues have several negative side effects. A ligand-coated nanomedicine can bind to receptors that are overexpressed by cells in chronically inflammatory tissues, increasing its efficacy and reducing its systemic side effects. This is because the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis suggests that macrophages and overexpressed molecules exist within inflamed tissues, which increases permeability and allows nanomedicines to accumulate in inflamed tissue and cause retention phenomena. The anti-arthritic properties of a variety of plants, their components, extracts, and phyto-isolates have been studied to date. These plant compounds can pose stability and delivery problems, which restricts their efficacy as a treatment for inflammatory diseases. The multifunctional and adaptable features of different nanoparticles can help herbal remedies based on nanotechnology get beyond the delivery constraints of different natural ingredients. The application of nanoformulations in tissue engineering is an additional strategy for delivering drugs directly to bone and cartilage in RA patients. The medication is more therapeutically effective due to nanoformulation's improved synovium and cartilage absorption, accumulation, and penetration at inflammatory joints. Herbal medications with a nanotechnology foundation exhibit superior pharmacokinetic and drug delivery qualities, aid in better oral absorption, regulate drug release, boost in vivo retention capacity, target delivery, and have synergistic effects. This review provides an update on the use of herbal medicines based on nanotechnology, which show promise in treating arthritis and other ailments.

Dietary Isothiocyanates: Novel Insights into the Potential for Cancer Prevention and Therapy.

Diet plays an important role in health. A high intake of plant chemicals such as glucosinolates/isothiocyanates can promote optimal health and decrease the risk of cancer. Recent research has discovered more novel mechanisms of action for the effects of isothiocyanates including the modulation of tumor microenvironment, the inhibition of the self-renewal of stem cells, the rearrangement of multiple pathways of energy metabolism, the modulation of microbiota, and protection against Helicobacter pylori. However, the hormetic/biphasic effects of isothiocyanates may make the recommendations complicated. Isothiocyanates possess potent anti-cancer activities based on up-to-date evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. The nature of hormesis suggests that the benefits or risks of isothiocyanates largely depend on the dose and endpoint of interest. Isothiocyanates are a promising class of cancer-preventative phytochemicals, but researchers should be aware of the potential adverse (and hormetic) effects. In the authors' opinion, dietary isothiocyanates are better used as adjunctive treatments in combination with known anti-cancer drugs. The application of nano-formulations and the delivery of isothiocyanates are also discussed in this review.

Zinc-Based Nanomaterials for Diagnosis and Management of Plant Diseases: Ecological Safety and Future Prospects.

A facet of nanorenaissance in plant pathology hailed the research on the development and application of nanoformulations or nanoproducts for the effective management of phytopathogens deterring the growth and yield of plants and thus the overall crop productivity. Zinc nanomaterials represent a versatile class of nanoproducts and nanoenabled devices as these nanomaterials can be synthesized in quantum amounts through economically affordable processes/approaches. Further, these nanomaterials exhibit potential targeted antimicrobial properties and low to negligible phytotoxicity activities that well-qualify them to be applied directly or in a deviant manner to accomplish significant antibacterial, antimycotic, antiviral, and antitoxigenic activities against diverse phytopathogens causing plant diseases. The photo-catalytic, fluorescent, and electron generating aspects associated with zinc nanomaterials have been utilized for the development of sensor systems (optical and electrochemical biosensors), enabling quick, early, sensitive, and on-field assessment or quantification of the test phytopathogen. However, the proficient use of Zn-derived nanomaterials in the management of plant pathogenic diseases as nanopesticides and on-field sensor system demands that the associated eco- and biosafety concerns should be well discerned and effectively sorted beforehand. Current and possible utilization of zinc-based nanostructures in plant disease diagnosis and management and their safety in the agroecosystem is highlighted.

Nanoparticles in Colorectal Cancer Therapy: Latest In Vivo Assays, Clinical Trials, and Patents.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Its poor response to current treatment options in advanced stages and the need for efficient diagnosis in early stages call for the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Some of them are based on the use of nanometric materials as carriers and releasers of therapeutic agents and fluorescent molecules, or even on the utilization of magnetic materials that provide very interesting properties. These nanoformulations present several advantages compared with the free molecular cargo, including increased drug solubility, bioavailability, stability, and tumor specificity. Moreover, tumor multidrug resistance has been decreased in some cases, leading to improved treatment effectiveness by reducing drug dose and potential side effects. Here, we present an updated overview of the latest advances in clinical research, in vivo studies, and patents regarding the application of nanoformulations in the treatment of CRC. Based on the information gathered, a wide variety of nanomaterials are being investigated in clinical research, even in advanced phases, i.e., close to reaching the market. In sum, these novel materials can offer remarkable advantages with respect to current therapies, which could be complemented or even replaced by these nanosystems in the near future.

Nano-formulations for transdermal drug delivery: A review

Transdermal drug delivery refers to a means of delivering drugs through the surface of the skin for local or systemic treatment. The drug functions after absorption through the skin into the systemic circulation via capillary action at a certain rate. Use of traditional physical and chemical enhancers to improve the transdermal permeation rate by increasing drug solubility, diffusion coefficient, and reservoir effect is not feasible owing to the toxic side effects of the overuse of chemical penetration enhancers. Nano-formulations generally vary in size and range from 10 nm to 100 nm. The smaller particle size leads to increased drug permeability, stability, retention, and targeting, making nano-formulations suitable for transdermal drug delivery. The different applications of nano-formulations (vesicles or nanoparticles and nanoemulsions) have been widely studied. Here, the classification, characteristics, transdermal mechanism, and application of the most popular nano-formulations in transdermal drug delivery system are reviewed.